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什么是计算机语言学（What is Computational Linguistics） |
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Computational linguistics (CL) is a discipline between linguistics and
computer science which is concerned with the computational aspects of the
human language faculty. It belongs to the cognitive sciences and overlaps
with the field of artificial intelligence (AI), a branch of computer
science that is aiming at computational models of human cognition.
There are two components of CL: applied and theoretical.
The applied component of CL is more interested in the practical
outcome of modelling human language use. The goal is to create
software products that have some knowledge of human language. Such
products are urgently needed for improving human-machine interaction
since the main obstacle in the interaction beween human and computer
is one of communication. Today′s computers do not understand our
language, and humans have difficulties understand the computer′s
language, which does not correspond to the structure of human thought.
Natural language interfaces enable the user to communicate with the
computer in German, English or another human language. Some applications
of such interfaces are database queries, information retrieval from texts
and so-called expert systems. Current advances in recognition of spoken
language improve the usability of many types of natural language systems.
Communication with computers using spoken language will have a lasting
impact upon the work environment, opening up completely new areas of
application for information technology.
Although existing CL programs are far from achieving human ability, they
have numerous possible applications. Even if the language the machine
understands and its domain of discourse are very restricted, the use of
human language can increase the acceptance of software and the productivity
of its users.
Much older than communication problems between human beings and machines 数据挖掘实验室
are those between people with different mother tongues. One of the
original goals of applied computational linguistics was fully automatic
translation between human languages. From bitter experience scientists
have realized that they are far from achieving this. Nevertheless,
computational linguists have created software systems which can simplify
the work of human translators and clearly improve their productivity.
The future of applied computational linguistics will be determined by the
growing need for user-friendly software. Even though the successful
simulation of human language competence is not to be expected in the near
future, computational linguists have numerous immediate research goals
involving the design, realization and maintenance of systems which
facilitate everyday work, such as grammar checkers for word processing
programs.
Theoretical CL takes up issues in formal theories. It deals with 数据挖掘交友
formal theories about the linguistic knowledge that a human needs for
generating and understanding language. Today these theories have
reached a degree of complexity that can only be managed by employing
computers. Computational linguists develop formal models simulating
aspects of the human language faculty and implement them as computer
programmes. These programmes constitute the basis for the evaluation
and further development of the theories. In addition to linguistic
theories, findings from cognitive psychology play a major role in
simulating linguistic competence. Within psychology, it is mainly the
area of psycholinguistics that examines the cognitive processes
constituting human language use.
The special attraction of computational linguistics lies in the combination
of methods and strategies from the humanities, natural and behavioural
sciences, and engineering.
SEE ALSO: http://www.aclweb.org/archive/what.html which contains: 数据挖掘交友
* Chapter 1 of Christopher D. Manning and Hinrich Sch|tze, 1999,
Foundations of Statistical Natural Language Processing, MIT Press,
Cambridge, MA.
* Chapter 1 of Daniel Jurafsky and James H. Martin, 2000, Speech and
Language Processing, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.
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