General Ontology (draft)

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General Ontology (draft)

Id:	general-ont
Version:	1.0
Description:	This ontology defines basic elements that represent commonalities between most ontologies. As such, it includes the concepts of people, organizations, actions, events, locations and physical objects. Please send any comments or suggestions to the contact listed below. This is a draft ontology and may change at any time.
Contact:	Jeff Heflin (heflin@cs.umd.edu)
Revision Date:	04 Oct 2000

Organization of this Document

This ontology is declared in this document both in human-readable form (what you see in front of you now) and machine-readable SHOE form (which you can see from viewing the html source of this document). The rest of this document is divided into the following sections:

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Extended Ontologies
Renames
Categories
Relationships
Constants
Inferences
Definitions
Notes
Change History

Extended Ontologies

The following ontologies are extended by the current ontology:

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Renames

An ontology may rename elements from another ontology in order to provide a shortcut for referencing that element or to provide an alternate term for it. 数据挖掘交友



Object                  Renamed From
================================================================
name                    base.name

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Relationships

Relationships are declared between one or more arguments, where each argument is either a type or a category. If the argument is a category, any subcategory of that category is valid as well. Relationships which have a local alias but are defined in another ontology are followed by an asterisk. 数据挖掘实验室

   addressStreet(Address, .STRING)
   addressCity(Address, .STRING)
   addressState(Address, .STRING)
   addressZip(Address, .STRING)
   affiliateOf(Organization, Person)
   affiliatedOrganization(Organization, Organization)
   alumnus(Organization, Person)
   borders(Location, Location)
   emailAddress(Person, .STRING)
   encloses(Location, Location)
   engagesIn(Agent, Activity)
   eventStart(Event, .DATE)
   eventEnd(Event, .DATE)
   eventLocation(Event, Location)
   head(Organization, Person)
   homeAddress(Person, Address)
   homePhone(Person, .STRING)
   isLocated(Organization, Location)
   member(SocialGroup, Person)
   name(base.SHOEEnity, .STRING)*
   orgAddress(Organization, Address)
   orgPhone(Organization, .STRING)
   participant(Event, Agent)
   performs(Agent, Work)
   subOrganizationOf(Organization:"suborganization", Organization:"superorganization")
   workAddress(Person, Address)
   workPhone(Person, .STRING)
   worksFor(Employee, Organization)
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Constants

Constants are used to identify instances that may be commonly used with an ontology. In this section, each constant is grouped under its category. 数据挖掘工具

No constants are defined.

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Inferences

Inference rules are used to determine what additional facts can be implied if other facts are known. They take the form of if/then rules. 数据挖掘工具

Suborganizations are transitive.: If subOrganizationOf(x,y) and subOrganizationOf(y,z), then subOrganizationOf(x,z).
Affiliates are invertable.: If affiliatedOrganization(x,y), then affiliatedOrganization(y,x).
Membership transfers through suborganizations.: If member(x,m) and subOrganizationOf(x,y), then member(y,m).
A person who works for an organization is a member of that organization.: If worksFor(p,o) then member(o,p).
A person who is the head of an organization is a member of that organization.: If head(o,p) then member(o,p).
Performing work is engaging in a type of activity.: If performs(a,w) then engagesIn(a,w).
Encloses is transitive.: If encloses(x,y) and encloses(y,z), then encloses(x,z).

Definitions

Address: A designation for routing mail to an organization or person. An address is not the same thing as a Location, although usually an address is tied to a particular location.
Activity: Any specific activity or pusuit.
Agent: An entity capable of performing actions.
ArtificialAgent: An agent that is man-made.
Artifact: Something created by humans usually for a practical purpose.
Audio: A digitized sound resource, in a format such as a MP3, Real Audio, WAV etc.
CommercialOrganziation: An organization involved in the supply and distribution of commodities for profit.
EducationOrganization: An academic organization.
Employee: A person who works for an organization.
Event: Something that happens at a given place in time. This differs from Activity because Activities do not have a spatio-temporal constraint. e.g., Camping is an activity, the camp trip to West Virginia last summer is an event.
GovernmentOrganization: An organization that participates in the making and administration of policy for a nation, state, county or city.
Image: A file that visually represents something in a format such JPEG, GIF, etc.
Liquid: A substance which flows freely.
Location: A place.
NonprofitOrganization: A non-government organization that conducts its activities for purposes other than financial gain.
Organism: A living being.
Organization: One or more people who work together or have a common goal.
Person: A human being.
PhysicalObject: A tangible thing.
Process: A particular course of action intended to achieve results.
Recreation: An activity that diverts or amuses or stimulates.
SocialGroup: One or more people sharing some social relation (i.e., an organization, a club, a group of friends, a culture of people, etc.)
Solid: A substance which does not flow freely.
Substance: A physical object that cannot be referred to as an individual (a mass noun, i.e., butter, water, hydrogen, dirt, etc.)
Thing: A physical object that can be referred to as an individual (a count noun, i.e., mountain, book, car, etc.)
Video: A resource in a format for transmitting moving visual and audio components, such as MPEG, QuickTime and DVD.
WebPage: A web page.
WebResource: A file available using the Hypertext Transport Protocol (HTTP). The properties of this object can be metadata (data about data) that describes a resource, such as author, time of creation, etc.
Work: An activity directed toward making or doing something.

addressStreet: The street name and number of an address.
addressCity: The name of a city used in an address.
addressState: The name of a state used in an address.
addressZip: The zip code used in an address.
affiliateOf: A person who is affiliated with an organization.
affiliatedOrganization: An organization that is affiliated with another organization.
alumnus: A person who used to be a member of an organization.
borders: A location that is adjacent to another location.
emailAddress: The e-mail address of a person.
encloses: A location that completely contains another location.
engagesIn: An activity that is performed by someone or something.
eventStart: The date when an event began.
eventEnd: The date when an event finished.
eventLocation: The place where an event occured.
head: The person in charge of an organization.
homeAddress: The address of a person′s residence.
homePhone: The phone number of a person′s residence.
isLocated: The place where an organization is located.
member: A person who participates in a social group.
orgAddress: The mailing address of an organization.
orgPhone: The phone number of an organization.
participant: An agent that is involved in an event.
performs: Work that is carried out by someone or something.
subOrganizationOf: A relation in which the first organization is part of the second organization.
workAddress: The address of a person′s place of business.
workPhone: The phone number where a person can be reached at their place of business.
worksFor: An organization that employs a person.

Notes:

What is the best name for the relationship between an Agent and an Activity? A person engages in an activity, conducts research, performs work or a process. Currently we use engagesIn.

Change History:

12/21/99 - Changed subOrganization to subOrganizationOf to make the relation′s intent more clear.
04/03/00 - Removed underscores from all elements names.
04/03/00 - Added CommercialOrganization, EducationOrganization, GovernmentOrganization and NonprofitOrganization as subtypes of Organization.
04/03/00 - Added an Address category and various associated relations.
04/05/00 - Changed Worker to Employee.
04/05/00 - Added the WebResource category and a number of subcategories.
10/04/00 - Added the performs(Agent, Work) relation.
10/04/00 - Added the rule performs(a,w) -> engagesIn(a,w).
10/04/00 - Added the rule worksFor(p,o) -> member(o,p).
10/04/00 - Added the rule head(o,p) -> member(o,p).
10/04/00 - Added the rule encloses() is transitive.

SHOE Base Ontology (base: base-ontology, v. 1.0 )

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